Rhetoric

=Rhetoric (Background) (GWU EMSE 216-8000)=

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It's important to use rhetoric well in preparing the literature review and the dissertation. However, what this means is not perfectly clear to me. Need to figure it out (Hole_H).

**4 results for: **//rhetoric // Wikipedia – Extract - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric “ **Rhetoric** (from [|Greek] ῥ ήτωρ, rhêtôr, orator, teacher) is generally understood to be the art or technique of [|persuasion] through the use of spoken language; however, this definition of rhetoric has expanded greatly since rhetoric emerged as a field of study in universities. In this sense, there is a divide between classical rhetoric (with the aforementioned definition) and contemporary practices of rhetoric.” . . .  “ [|Francis Bacon] (1561-1626), although not a rhetorician, contributed to the field in his writings. One of the concerns of the age was to find a suitable style for the discussion of scientific topics, which needed above all a clear exposition of facts and arguments, rather than the ornate style favored at the time. Bacon in his //The Advancement of Learning// criticized those who are preoccupied with style rather than "the weight of matter, worth of subject, soundness of argument, life of invention, or depth of judgment." On matters of style, he proposed that the style conform to the subject matter and to the audience, that simple words be employed whenever possible, and that the style should be agreeable. See [|Lisa Jardine], //Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse// ( [|Cambridge University Press] , 1975).” . . .  “Perhaps the most influential development in English style came out of the work of the [|Royal Society] (founded in 1660), which in 1664 set up a committee to improve the English language. Among the committee's members were [|John Evelyn] (1620-1706), [|Thomas Sprat] (1635-1713), and [|John Dryden] (1631-1700). Sprat regarded "fine speaking" as a disease, and thought that a proper style should "reject all amplifications, digressions, and swellings of style" and instead "return back to a primitive purity and shortness" (//History of the Royal Society//, 1667).” . ..

** “ Rhetoric in the Academy **
Contemporary scholars in rhetoric come from diverse academic backgrounds, and are often housed in departments of English, Communication Studies, Rhetoric, Education, or Speech Communication. Rhetorical scholars meet at conferences such as the [|Conference on College Composition and Communication], the [|National Communication Association] conference, and the [|Rhetoric Society of America] conference. They publish research in journals including the [|Quarterly Journal of Speech], [|College Composition and Communication] , the [|Rhetoric Society Quarterly] , [|Rhetoric Review] , [|Rhetoric and Public Affairs] , Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, and [|Philosophy and Rhetoric] .” . . .  ** Discourse analysis ** . . .    “Discourse analysis does not provide a tangible answer to problems based on scientific research, but it reveals the [|ontological] and [|epistemological] assumptions behind a project, a statement, a method of research, or - to provide an example from the field of [|Library and Information Science] - a system of [|classification]. Discourse analysis thus reveals the hidden motivations behind a text or behind the choice of a particular method of research to interpret that text, enabling a more critical assessment of that text in light of the implicit assumptions that shaped it. By making these assumptions explicit, discourse analysis allows us to view the "problem" from a higher perspective and to gain a comprehensive view of the "problem" and ourselves in relation to that "problem." In short, discourse provides a higher awareness of the hidden motivations in others and ourselves and, therefore, helps us solve concrete problems not by providing unequivocal answers, but by making us ask ontological and epistemological questions.” Wikipedia contributors, "Rhetoric," //Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,// [] (accessed September 11, 2007).

[|Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)]  - //Cite This Source// **rhet·o·ric**   /   ˈrɛt   ər ɪk   /    Pronunciation Key   -  Show Spelled Pronunciation    [   ** ret ** -er-ik    ]    Pronunciation Key   -  Show IPA Pronunciation // –noun   //


 * 1. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">(in writing or speech) the undue use of exaggeration or display; bombast. ||
 * 2. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">the art or science of all specialized literary uses of language in prose or verse, including the figures of speech. ||
 * 3. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">the study of the effective use of language. ||
 * 4. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">the ability to use language effectively. ||
 * 5. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">the art of prose in general as opposed to verse. ||
 * 6. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">the art of making persuasive speeches; oratory. ||
 * 7. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">(in classical oratory) the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience. ||
 * 8. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">(in classical oratory) the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience. ||

<span style="background: white; color: #660000; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">[Origin: 1300–50; < L //rhétorica// < Gk //rhétorik// (//téchné//) rhetorical (art); r. ME //rethorik// < ML //réthorica,// L //rhétorica,// as above ]

//<span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006. // ||
 * <span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)

**<span style="color: #003a66; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Chicago ****<span style="color: #003a66; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"> Manual Style (CMS): ** <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -12pt;">rhetoric. Dictionary.com. //Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)//. Random House, Inc. [] (accessed: September 11, 2007).

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|American Heritage Dictionary] <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> - <span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">//Cite This Source//

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">n. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 24pt; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 48pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 48pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. A treatise or book discussing this art. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 48pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. A style of speaking or writing, especially the language of a particular subject: //fiery political rhetoric.// <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 48pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Language that is elaborate, pretentious, insincere, or intellectually vacuous: //His offers of compromise were mere rhetoric.// <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 24pt; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Skill in using language effectively and persuasively. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 24pt; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 48pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. A style of speaking or writing, especially the language of a particular subject: //fiery political rhetoric.// <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 48pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Language that is elaborate, pretentious, insincere, or intellectually vacuous: //His offers of compromise were mere rhetoric.// <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 24pt; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Verbal communication; discourse.
 * **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">rhet·o·ric **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> (rět'ər-ĭk) [|Pronunciation Key]

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">[Middle English <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, from Old French <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, from Latin <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, from Greek <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, //rhetorical (art)//, feminine of <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, //rhetorical//, from <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, //rhetor//; see **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">rhetor **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">.] ||

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">// ( // [|//Download Now//] // or // [|//Buy the Book//] // ) //

//<span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Copyright © 2006 by Houghton Mifflin Company. // //<span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. // ||
 * <span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition

**<span style="color: #003a66; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Chicago ****<span style="color: #003a66; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"> Manual Style (CMS): ** <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -12pt;">rhetoric. Dictionary.com. //The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition//. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. [] (accessed: September 11, 2007).

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Online Etymology Dictionary] <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> - <span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">//Cite This Source// <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> **rhetoric** <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">c.1300, from O.Fr. // rethorique, // <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> from L.  // rhetorice, //  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> from Gk. // rhetorike techne // <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> "art of an orator," from  // rhetor //  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> (gen.  // rhetoros //  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">) "orator," related to  // rhema //  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> "word," lit. "that which is spoken," from PIE  // *wre-tor-, //  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> from base  // *were- //  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> "to speak" (cf. O.E.  // word, //  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> L.  // verbum, //  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Gk. // eirein //  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> "to say;" see [|verb] ).   // Rhetorical //  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> "eloquent" is from 1476;  // rhetorical question //  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> first attested 1843.


 * <span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2001 Douglas Harper ||

**<span style="color: #003a66; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Chicago ****<span style="color: #003a66; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"> Manual Style (CMS): ** <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -12pt;">rhetoric. Dictionary.com. //Online Etymology Dictionary//. Douglas Harper, Historian. [] (accessed: September 11, 2007).

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|WordNet] <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> - <span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">//Cite This Source//


 * **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">rhetoric ** ||
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">//noun// ||
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">using language effectively to please or persuade ||
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">high-flown style; excessive use of verbal ornamentation; "the grandiosity of his prose"; "an excessive ornateness of language" [syn: [|grandiosity] ] ||
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">loud and confused and empty talk; "mere rhetoric" [syn: [|palaver] ] ||
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">4. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking) ||


 * <span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">WordNet® 3.0, © 2006 by Princeton University. ||

**<span style="color: #003a66; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Chicago ****<span style="color: #003a66; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"> Manual Style (CMS): ** <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -12pt;">rhetoric. Dictionary.com. //WordNet® 3.0//. Princeton University. [] (accessed: September 11, 2007).


 * Sources**
 * Wikipedia
 * Dictionary.com
 * Chicago Style Manual
 * Online Erymology Dictionary
 * WordnNet

Contributors: Sisson