Citation

=Citation (Academic Integrity) (GWU EMSE 216-8000)=

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A citation gives credit for an idea, or expression of an idea, to a recognized source and provides a reader a way to find the source for more information. In academia at large, the format of the source may be as important as information on how to locate the source. In academia, inability to provide definitive source information limits one's ability to cite or use the idea in written documents.

"My thought is the more information the better. The whole point of citations is to give the reader information on how to find the document." [1] Ryan

"Broadly, a citation is a [|reference] to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression (e.g. [Newell84]) embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.

"Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).

"A prime purpose of a citation is" ... "to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, and to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way.

"The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems." [2] [|Wikipedia]

"//The Chicago Manual of Style// presents two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and the nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars."

"The author-date system has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided."

"Aside from the use of notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share a similar style." [3] [|Chicago Style Manual Online]

EMSE Doctoral Dissertation: "For source citations, you must use the parenthetical reference (PR) and reference list (RL) style (also known as the author-date system). (This is not negotiable – please don’t try.)" [4] EMSE Syllabus


 * Reasons for Citations**
 * "Source citations
 * "give credit where credit is due
 * "provide an interested reader with additional sources to explore
 * "provide a way of tracing the spread of ideas
 * "provide insight into the influences that are affecting the direction or growth of a body of research.
 * "provide a check and balance for the reader. If there is something that looks weird, the reader can go to the original source and examine it.
 * "provide you with a way of tying research into a body of research" [5]


 * How To Cite Sources**
 * [|Plagarism.Org]
 * What to Reference
 * Where to Reference
 * How to Reference ( TBD )


 * Sources**
 * 1) Julie J.C.H. Ryan, D.Sc., e-mail message to JBarbera, March 2, 2011 2:12 PM, subject: "Re: DOI versus Version Information in Citations."
 * 2) Citation. (2011, February 26). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:08, March 3, 2011, from []
 * 3) Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide. (2010). In Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide. Retrieved 09:29, March 3, 2011, from []
 * 4) EMSE 8000, Spring 2011. Syllabus, February 11, 2011, page 4
 * 5) Ryan, Julie J.C.H. D.Sc., Lecture/Presentation, March 8, 2011. Filename: AcadIntMBAinstituteGWUAug2010, Slide 22
 * Material taken in part from Ryan, Julie J.C.H. Doctoral Research: A Practical Guide to Selecting Your Topic, Developing Your Research, and Writing Your Dissertation. Unpublished work in progress, 2010. Slide 22

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